Following Napoleon's defeat and subsequent abdication, the Bourbon monarchy was restored in France. In 1830, a liberal revolution, known as the July Revolution, established a new monarchy, with the Duke of Orléans as king. This monarchy presented itself as liberal, the result of a revolution; however, those who led the government of the so-called July Monarchy were the Doctrinaires, led by François Guizot. The Doctrinaires did not sympathize with the British conservative idea of a peaceful democratization of the monarchy, nor with the Austro-Prussian conservative current that defended total monarchical absolutism. The Doctrinaires advocated for a monarchy with a government that, despite having elements of liberalism, such as a parliament, was authoritarian
Conservative Nationalism
One of the values defended by conservatism is the homeland, the feeling of nation, and the defense of what are considered its values. Conservatism can be distinguished from other ideologies that are also nationalist by its defense of the union of Church, State, and monarchy. This occurred especially in the 19th century when conservatives throughout Europe sought to contain republicanism. Conservatism presents the State and the nation as if they were the same. For example, the American Revolution of 1776 was liberal and republican. From a conservative point of view, this revolution would be anti-patriotic as an action against the state, when the American Revolution was actually an act of nationalism
Today, this can be exemplified by police violence; many conservative politicians defend it, as, being exercised by the state, they see it as a defense of the nation.
Democracy and Conservatism
Edmund Burke opposed the French Revolution and favored monarchy and traditions. However, this did not prevent him from advocating for a democratization of the monarchy. Thanks to the English conservatives accepting Burke's stance, liberals in Great Britain did not carry out any revolution against the monarchy. Meanwhile, in the rest of Europe, conservatives and liberals clashed in various conflicts such as the Spring of Nations in 1848, the July Revolution of 1830, or the Carlist Wars
The last absolute monarchy in Europe, the Kingdom of Montenegro, fell in 1919 when it was annexed by Yugoslavia, a constitutional monarchy. European conservatives since the early 20th century have adopted Burke's current and act within democratic and republican frameworks in many cases.
